Kacapi Suling Instrument History

Kacapi is a Sundanese musical instrument that is played as the main instrument in the Sunda or Mamaos Tembang Kacapi Cianjuran and flute.Kacapi in Sundanese word also refers to the plant Sentul, who believed the wood used to make musical instruments Kacapi.

Kacapi waditra Sundanese flute is a device found in almost every region in Tatar Sunda. Waditranya consists of Kacapi and Flute. Kacapinya consists of Kacapi Goon or Kacapi Kacapi Parahu or bun. In addition to instrumental presented, Kacapi Flute can also be used to accompany the chanting Interpreter Sekar Sekar Anggana songs or Rampak Sekar. The song is in sajikannya include: sinom Degung, Kaleon, Talutur and so forth. The barrel in the barrel Salendro pergunakannya, pelog or Sorog.

In contrast with the title Kacapi Flute or Kacapian when using Kacapi Siter. It is not unusual except Kacapi Siter and moreover the flute at 1 (satay) set Kendang and 1 (one) set of Goong. That in the same barrel as the barrel pergunakannya commonly in use show that use Kacapi Flute Kacapi Parahu namely "barrel Salendro, pelog, Sorog. Lyre lyre Siter Flute that use, in addition to presenting instrumental also in use to accompany singing (kawih) both Anggana Sekar or through Rampak Sekar.The songs are presented in Anggana Sekar is like: Malati on Mount Guntur, Sagagang Kembang Ros and others. As for Rampak Sekar among Seuneu Bandung, Weak Cai and others.

In the development that uses both Kacapi Flute and Kacapi Parahu Kacapi Sitter, often used to accompany the show Ngaras Narration Sunda and Sunda Panganten Siraman, Siraman Slave Circumcision, Siraman Tingkeban.

Besides instrumental also presented rumpakanya songs tailored to the needs of the event will be carried on. The song is presented taken from Sundanese songs Tembang Candrawulan As such, Jemplang Coral, Kapati-starch or Kaleon and so forth. Some are taking the songs or songs kawih Panambih on Sunda Tembang like them Senggot Pangemat, Pupunden Ati and so forth.

In addition to the lyre and the flute there is also the violin and lyre lyre Rebab that brought the songs the same. In the presentation, the framework of lute playing rhythm while the song played by flute, violin or Rebab. The scales or the barrel of the Sunda Karawitan called with Surupan, some are on call with Salendro, pelog and Sorog.

Cultural Music of France

French music history dates back to organum in the 10th century, followed by the Notre Dame School, an organum composition style. Troubadour songs of chivalry and courtly love were composed in the Occitan language between the 10th and 13th centuries, and the Trouvère poet-composers flourished in Northern France during this period. By the end of the 12th century, a form of song called the motet arose, accompanied by traveling musicians called jongleurs. In the 14th century, France produced two notable styles of music, Ars Nova and Ars Subtilior. During the Renaissance, Burgundy became a major center for musical development. This was followed by the rise of chansons and the Burgundian School. France is a very musical country.

France has been an important cultural center of Europe, and the country has signifcantly contributed to the developemnt of European music and cinema. The earliest French influence on Western music is found in the plainsong of the Christian Church of the 8th to 10th century AD. French music dominated the art and music in Europe during the Middle Ages, contributed greatly in the development of European music in all its forms. France has produced several legendary composers in the field of classical music including famous pianist and composer Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy and Hector Berlioz.

French has also contributed a lot to the development of modern western music, including jazz music. The French contribution to jazz music includes the work of Gypsy guitarist Django Reinhardt, and his partner, the violinist Stephane Grappelli. Jazz is still extremely popular in France.

French are very fond of music and dance, and as a result a wide range of music is popular in the country. Although half of all music albums bought in France are from British or American bands, the French also have their own original French songs.

Music of France is also greatly influenced by the styles brought by immigrants from Africa, Latin America and Asia. Algerian music rai found a large French audience, and an Algerian singer- Khaled's album shot to the top of the French charts in 1992. Modern western pop music has influenced the music in France in a significant way, and the country has seen the rise of popular French rock, hip-hop, and pop performers. A new generation of popular music in France combines sounds of Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America. Among popular contemporary composers in France include the names of Olivier Messiaen (1908-92) and Pierre Boulez (1925-).

Famous classical musicians in France
 
1.  Hector Berlioz

Hector Berlioz was born in Lyons in Isère, France in 1903. His father was a doctor, and he also started medical studies on the orders of his father. But in 1824 Hector quit medical school and become a musician. In 1826 he entered the Conservatory in Paris as a student. Hector did not come from wealthy families, so he financed his life by writing, singing and teaching. It was then that he had started writing music. Hamlet one of Shakespeare's plays to be one contributing factor Hector likes music. Not just make it like music, but also make him fall in love with Harriet Smithson, who played Ophelia, kecintaanya on those two things play a big role in writing the Symphonie Fantastique, which until today still become one of the best works of Berlioz.

Since successful with his first show in 1839, Berlioz name became famous throughout Europe. Travel Europe continued for several years, and Berlioz continued to write new works. One of the famous works emerged from this period - La Damnation de Faust - who followed the story of Goethe's Faust. He also wrote an opera, The Trojans. Berlioz was one of the best classical musicians of France, because he has succeeded in giving a new color with the music that represents the romantic ideal of nature.
Berlioz is a composer who never gave up, though at first rejected the French society, he remained at work, and now his music an inspiration to other musicians.
Best works of Hector Berlioz
A Symphony Fantastique
A Roman Carnival
J Damnation de Faust
A Requiem, Grande Masse des Morts

2. Georges Bizet

Born in Paris, Georges Bizet was a musical prodigy, he entered the Paris Conservatoire just before his birthday is the 10th. In 1857 he won the Prix de Rome, so he got a scholarship to study in Rome for three years. Apart from the time he passed his entire life in Paris. After returning from Rome, he wrote several operas, including The Pearl Fishers, and the First Symphony. Apart from being a composer, Bizet was a skilled pianist. Carmen is one of the best works of Bizet. Carmen describes the jealousy, passion and sexuality, which is great, and still very popular until entering the 21st century. Carmen got a lot of praise from musicians from that era such as Tchaikovsky and Debussy. But the success of Carmen only briefly felt by Bizet, because he died a few months after his first performance.

Best works of Georges Bizet
Carmen J






 

3. Achille-Claude Debussy

A French composer. His music is considered as a transition from the Romanesque era music to modern music at the beginning of the 20th century. He has wrestled with music since the age of seven years with the piano. At the age of ten, he entered the Paris Conservatoire to continue their education - he then left his plans to become a pianist and focused more on making music. He won the Prix de Rome in 1884. In 1894 Debussy successful completion of an orchestra that is, Prelude à 'L'Après-midi d'un faune (Prelude to the Afternoon of a Fawn). 

In this orchestral works of Debussy really highlight impresionisnya side. This style tends to illustrate the subject in music, he can make music that gently but In 1900 he completed the Debussy Nocturnes, in 1902 the only opera he created was a successful opera Pelléas et Mélisande, and the opera that managed to bring his name increasingly uphill. La Mer his work is completed in 1905, a very impressionistic music, with beautiful music and descriptive. Claude Debussy is a French composer who influenced the styles of world music, her style in music influenced composers even after his time.
Best Works by Debussy
A Prelude à 'L'Après-midi d'un Faune
J Claire de Lune
J Nocturnes
A Pelléas et Mélisande
A La Mer
 
4. Maurice Ravel

Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure, south of Biarritz in the south west corner of France, in 1875. When he was young his family moved to Paris, though Ravel was to return to Ciboure in the future. He began piano lessons at age seven, and arrange short pieces at the age of 12 or 13. Her parents, though not a musician but encourage him to make music and he studied at the Conservatory of Paris. He was greatly influenced by Liszt in piano playing.

As a diversion from his studies with Ravel fall a group of artists and musicians to 'live it' is called Apache. Tiras stay at the Conservatory for 14 years is remarkable, by Faure as a teacher. While at the Conservatory he came in often, but never won, the competition for the Prix de Rome - the last time for the bitter controversy.

Ravel was to became known as 'impressionist' musicians, along with Claude Debussy. But music is also very structured in the form - Stravinsky called it "the Swiss watchmaker."
One of the early work Ravels, is the opera Daphnis et Chloé. Three years in the making, and many travel disputes about choregraphy and complexity, this opera is now regarded as Ravel's masterpiece.
Bolero turned his hand to many piano works, operas, orchestral music, chamber music and songs in the following years, with works by then become less frequent and without tone.

During the first world war and he became a truck driver, he continued to write and play, especially around Paris. But in 1920 he left Paris and made music, with whom he has never had a close relationship (dating back to the dispute about why he did not win the Prix de Rome in 1915), to return to the French countryside. In 1928 she was around America, received a standing ovation in New York - in contrast with previous reception in Paris.

The last piece of music I have to mention specifically is Pavane pour une Infante défunte, a piece of piano music written in 1899 and then arranged in 1910. This is the orchestra version is more widely played today. Just a short music enough, but designing with beautiful and wonderful to be heard.
In the years since 1932, after a car accident to poor health, he was far less productive. Surgery to improve health is a failure and he died, in 1937.
The best works of Ravel
A bolero
A Daphne et Chloé
Pavane pour une Infante J défunte
 
5. Lili Boulanger

Lili Boulanger was born into a musical family - her sister, Nadia Boulanger in the household described how they "Everybody played music. Music is the beginning and middle part of our existence." My mother and grandmother was a singer, musician brother, and his father, who recognized composer.
Lili His father died when she was only six years old, and Nadia believes that this material plays an important role in Lili desire to express themselves through music by becoming a composer.
By the time he was 16 years old, Lili had told his family he wanted to become a composer, an unusual choice for a young woman, even in the Boulanger family. By the time he began to study the composition of Lili Boulanger was in fact already written several compositions - mostly sacred works, and piano

His enthusiasm continued in 1910 when the lesson began, and made rapid progress, with lessons every day, including weekends. Two years later he managed to gain admission to the Academy of Music, where he studied composition until 1913.

This was followed by Cantata, Cantata in Faust et Hélène, who won an important prize, the Prix de Rome, in 1913 and received five years of international scholarships and international fame. Lili Boulanger soon sign contracts that include fixed annual salary, and the publication of his works. Unfortunately, just after arriving in Rome in March 1914, war broke out in August of that year. Lili then become too involved in charity work, with his brother, to find much time to prepare.

Lili health was never very good, and in 1916 he was told that he only had two years left to live. Lili demotivating Instead, this period is one huge creativity when he rushed to finish the work that he has started, including an opera La Princesse Maleine. Each period is filled with health improvements in a hurry to work, and when it is not likely he will dictate the music for Nadia.

In 1917 his health is very bad, and dictating the latter work, Pie Jesu, to Nadia. He died in March 1918 at age 24, without ever completing the opera.

The best works of Lili Boulange
J The Cantata 'Faust et Hélène
J D'un soir Triste

Taiko (Japanese music instrument)

Taiko (drum / drums), Japan, also called Wadaiko, has always been at shows in the palace as part of Gagaku (court music). In addition, Taiko is a musical instrument that must exist in every folk festival in various places in Japan that has a very musical instrument in the know.

First Taiko much in use as an accompanist or to get the sound effects, but the use of Taiko as a principal instrument has not been a lot of people do. Only then around 1959 began to try some of the flow Taiko Taiko performances, and Wadaiko as principal pertunjuan began to spread widely in the country of Japan.

In Japan the feudal period, taiko is often used to motivate troops, to help determine the pace of the line, and manage orders or announcements. Toward or at the time of entering the battle, taiko Yaku (drummer) is responsible for determining the step sequence, usually with six steps to every punch drum (beat-2-3-4-5-6, a knock-2-3-4-5 -6).

According to one historical record (Gunji Yoshu), nine cluster of five beats means summon allies into battle, while nine chain of three beats, which speeded up three or four times, is a call to come forward and pursue your opponent.

Types of Taiko :

 

Nagado-daiko (长 胴 太 鼓, a long-bodied taiko) is comprised of two pieces of cow skin stretched over a wooden frame (usually carved from one piece of wood, now often made from the remains of a wooden barrel) and stretched. Head of tsukeshime-daiko (付 締め 太鼓, often shortened to, "shime-daiko" or "shime" only) stretched over iron rings and clamped around a smaller body. Tsukeshime-daiko rope pulled up tight before use every time. Okedo-daiko (桶 胴 太 鼓, taiko-bodied barrel-shaped, often shortened to "okedo" or "okay") can be mounted on a stand and played like taiko others, but usually hung across the shoulder so that the drummer could walk and at the same time play it. Taiko other Japanese cover Uchiwa-daiko (内 轮 太 鼓, taiko fan), hira-daiko (平 太 鼓, taiko flat), o-daiko (大 太 鼓, taiko large), and a series of instruments of percussion others in the ensemble of traditional Japanese noh, gagaku, and kabuki. Giant Taiko drums, with a length of 240cm, maximum diameter of 240cm, and weighs 3 tons. Made from one piece of wood from trees 1200 years old

Okedo-daiko drum range from small and portable, to the greatest drummer of all Japanese drums. Unlike nagado, these drums can be made in various sizes, but NOT in any given size of timber construction stavenya. Aomori region famous for its festivals Nebuta. Here the big okedo played by many people as he was taken by train along the road. Okedo betta have his own crutch created by Hayashi Eitetsu.
In addition, as nagado-daiko, okedo have sound edges, called "ka." However, when playing the rim of a okedo, it is important for players to hit only a Palin the outside of the ring metal and not the periphery of the drum body itself. Thinner and lighter than wood okedo particularly easy to dent and his condition will rapidly decline when struck.

Shamisen (Japanese music instrument)

Shamisen is one of Japanese traditional stringed musical instrument. Shamisen own means of three lines, derived from the word Sha (three) and Sen (line). Originally shamisen is an instrument that was brought from China, but instead it's called the shamisen, but those that call saxian kokin and its shape does not exactly match the shamisen in Japan. There are several opinions about the history of the entry into the Japanese shamisen. Of the seventeen sources century and eighteen, wrote that the shamisen was introduced around the year 1562 at the port of Sakai near Osaka. Other sources mention the year 1574 written in diary style restrooms Uwai, writing of a mission the king of the Ryukyu archipelago which includes a shamisen player in his entourage. There is also a mention that the shamisen is another form of a simplified instrument Biwa.

Shamisen tool consists of three parts, ie Do (body), Sao (neck), Itomaki (peg).Shamisen body made ​​of red sandalwood, mulberry wood, or wood apple. The shape resembles a box, the top closed and the bottom is covered by kulis cats, but can also be covered with leather or plastic dog. For use in staging or concert, the shamisen is made as possible, and increasingly expensive. Section it carved with decorative patterns of herring bone, known as ayasugi, so the resulting sound much better.

Sao neck or it can be divided into 3 parts for easy on the bottom. Its thickness varies according to type of music he played. Used strings made ​​of twisted silk, but today is very rare that uses pure silk, for easy break. Instead, shamisen makers replace it with plastic or nylon. These strings attached to a rope-shaped ornaments of a (neo) at the bottom of the body and three pegs or itomaki.

Itomaki is made ​​from ivory, wood, or plastic. The tool used to pluck shamsien called a bachi. Bachi is also used to pick Biwa.In addition to the varied forms of shamisen, shamisen music forms were various kinds. There are multiple streams of music or genre of shamisen. But actually what makes it kind of shamisen varies is because it is influenced by each flow shamisen. For every genre of shamisen has specific characteristics, both in terms of sound quality that is unique, style of music games that have distinctive rules, of course the shape and size of his shamisen was different. But that difference did not sound at first hearing, because the difference is slim. But if you are an expert in this case, it will be very obvious difference in every genre.

Shamisen Genre Chart :

Katarimono is the flow of narrative music. Exhibition shamisen accompaniment to the singing of tales and stories. Utamono Meanwhile, songs that emphasize melody shamisen. While the streams below, has a slim difference. There are about love story content (Bungo), family tragedy (Kato), and others. Cause why the genre of shamisen more and more, is because the community knows that when a student deviates from the style of his teacher, then became the opposite or counterclockwise. So every time the student created the same kind of music that are not being taught by the teacher, then created one other musical genres.

Among young Japanese traditional musical instruments like the shamisen is not too popular. Similar to the situation of youth in Indonesia. Lack of awareness of the importance of maintaining the heritage of ancestors who have become the hallmark of the nation. But they perform a variety of ways to preserve what has been taught by generations of parents, especially in terms of art. The shamisen players collaborate their instrumental music with modern musical instruments, like guitars, drums, and piano. As performed by Yoshida Brothers. The Japanese government also provided a degree annually to every artist is considered appropriate to accept each year. The highest degree is Ningen kokuho or State property. So that the artists always feel motivated to produce works best.
Shamisen is often used to accompany the staging of kabuki (mask play), dance geisha, and Matsuri Matsuri-specific.
In addition to the shamisen, there are also some traditional Japanese musical instrument that is not less interesting. As with any stringed musical instrument Biwa and Koto. Percussion instruments have Taiko and Tsuzumi. As well as wind instruments, such as Sho, Yokobue, and shakuhachi. 

History : 

In the classification of musical instruments, including the shamisen lute stringed musical instrument similar to the neck (neck) are connected to the body. Around the world there are many different kinds of musical instruments like lute, ranging from guitar, sitar, to the ukulele. Culture of ancient Egypt knew the three-stringed stringed instrument that evolved into the Persian setaru or sitar ("se" means "three" and "taru" means "string"). In China, a similar musical instrument zither made with snakeskin upholstery called sanshen (sanxian). Trade between the Kingdom of Ryukyu and introducing Fuzhou sanshen musical instrument which is then in Okinawa called sanshin.
At the end of the 16th century, merchant ships brought sanshin Ryukyu origin introduced into the Sakai city dwellers. Shamisen oldest extant today is the shamisen named Yodo the work of craftsmen in Kyoto. Shamisen is specially made by order of Toyotomi Hideyoshi to awarded to the wife Yodo-dono. Shamisen Yodo have a form that is not much different from the existing shamisen.
 

Sanshin development of foreign origin into shamisen can not be separated from the role of the blind musician from Tōdōza blind associations. Sanshin played with a pick-shaped nails from buffalo horn developed into a shamisen is plucked with a bachi are used to pluck the instrument Biwa. A more crisp sound of the shamisen was more unpopular than the person who impressed Biwa sound heavy and serious.
Blind musician named one of the Ishimura Kengyō credited with developing the game until the shamisen technique favored people. At the beginning of the Edo period, Ishimura Kengyō pioneered the genre of music that uses and is known as Jiuta shamisen. Broadly speaking shamisen music is divided into two types, Utaimono (Accompaniment track) and Katarimono (escort story).

A History of Reggae Music

Reggae is a genre that grew out of several other musical styles, including both traditional Jamaican music, including ska and mento, and American R&B. In the early days of radio, stations were super-high-powered, and several stations from Florida and New Orleans were powerful enough to reach Jamaica. Reggae only came about as a distinct genre in the 1960s.

History :

Reggae has its roots in the poor ghettos of Jamaica. During the 1950s, touring DJs took their sound systems around the island playing mento: a blend of African and European folk. The DJs would 'toast' (chant or speak) over the records. As well as mento, the DJs would play rhythm'n'blues from New Orleans. Local artists blended these influences and brought the bass to the forefront. This sound evolved into ska-a genre made famous by artists such as Millie Small and Desmond Dekker. By slowing down the rhythmic beat of ska and blending it with influences from American jazz and rhythm and blues, a new genre called reggae emerged.

Stars :

Reggae's biggest and best-known star is Bob Marley. His 1973 album "Catch A Fire" brought the reggae sound to the rest of the world and he was treated as hero in his native Jamaica. The album "Legend" released posthumously in 1981 stands as the best-selling reggae album. 

Other notable figures in the Jamaican reggae movement include producer and songwriter Lee Scratch Perry. He was one of the first artists to record the reggae beat with the 1968 track "People Funny Boy" and he produced many artists, including Bob Marley and The Wailers. Toots and the Maytals was the first band to coin the phrase reggae with their 1968 track "Do The Reggay" [sic]. Chris Blackwell's record company Island was influential in the growth in popularity of reggae both inside and outside of Jamaica during the 1970s. Formed in 1959 in Jamaica, the label helped propel artists such as The Wailers, Jimmy Cliff and Desmond Dekker to stardom.

Marijuana and Reggae:

In Rastafarian practices, marijuana is used as a sacrament; the belief is that it pulls a person closer to God. Therefore, cannabis (referred to as "Ganja" in Jamaican slang) often features prominently in reggae lyrics. Unfortunately, a few decades of American teenagers have misinterpreted this sacred ritual and use it as an excuse to partake. Not all reggae lyrics contain references to Ganja, just as not all reggae musicians are Rastafarians.

Identification :

Reggae is characterized by a heavy backbeated rhythm, meaning the emphasis of the beat is on, for example, beats 2 and 4, when in 4/4 time. This backbeat is characteristic of all African-based musics and is not found in traditional European or Asian music. Reggae drummers also emphasize the third beat when in 4/4 time with a kick to the bass drum.

Reggae's Influence:

Reggae was a precursor not just to the modern Jamaican style of Dub, but to American Ska (think No Doubt, Sublime, Reel Big Fish), Jambands (Donna the Buffalo, The String Cheese Incident) and British reggae-based bands (UB40). Also often ignored is that reggae is the predecessor to Hip-Hop and Rap music, and a very clear line can be drawn between the two.

Gamelan Jawa

Gamelan is a set of musical instruments with pentatonic melodies, which consists of: Kendang, Bonang, Bonang successor, demung, Saron, Peking (Gamelan), Kenong & Kethuk, Slenthem, Gender, Gong, Gambang, Rebab,, Siter, Flute.The main components of the gamelan music instruments are: bamboo, metal, and wood. Each instrument has its own function in gamelan music show.
Gamelan word itself comes from the Javanese "gamel"which means hitting / beating, followed by the suffix "an" which makes it as a noun. While the term gamelan as a whole has a sense of musical instruments being played together.

There is no clarity about the history of the creation of this instrument. However, the gamelan is estimated at the time of culture was born out of Hinduism - Buddhism dominated Indonesia. Although the development there are differences with the music of India, still there are some features that are not lost, one of which is the way of "singing" the song. Commonly referred to as male singers and female singers wiraswara called waranggana.

According to Javanese mythology, the gamelan was created by Sang Hyang Guru in Saka era. He is a god who controls all the land of Java, with a palace on the mountain Mahendra Medangkamulan areas (now Mount Lawu).
Gamelan musical instruments which first created the "gong", which is used to summon the gods. After that, to convey a special message, Sang Hyang Guru again creating some other equipment such as two gongs, until eventually forming a set of gamelan.

At the time of Majapahit, gamelan musical instruments developed very well to reach today's form and spread in some regions such as Bali, and Sunda (West Java).

The first authentic evidence of the existence of gamelan discovered at the Borobudur Temple, Magelang, Central Java, which stood since the 8th century. In his reliefs seen some equipment such as bamboo flutes, bells, kendhang in various sizes, harp, stringed musical instrument that swiped and picked, including a little picture of the element of metal musical instruments. Subsequent developments, gamelan used to accompany wayang performance and dance. Until finally independent music and equipped with the voice of sinden.

Gamelan expanding in Central Java, slightly different from Balinese gamelan or Sundanese gamelan. Javanese gamelan has a softer tone when compared with the dynamic Balinese gamelan and Sundanese gamelan and dominated by lilting flute sound. According to some studies, the difference is the result of the disclosure toview of of life " Javanese people" in general .
The view in question is: as Java people should always "maintain physical life and spiritual harmony, and harmony in speech and action". Therefore, "Javanese people" always avoid an explosive expression and always trying to create tolerance among fellow. The most obvious manifestation in gamelan music is the pull string fiddle that is, a balanced blend of sound kenong, saron drums and xylophone and gong sounds on every cover of rhythm.

Tuning and making gamelan orchestra is a very complex process. Gamelan tuning using four ways, namely "slendro", "gamelan", "Degung" (special area of Sunda, or West Java), and "madenda" (also known as diatonic), the same as the original minor scale that is widely used in Europe.
 

     * Slendro has 5 tones per octave, namely: 1 2 3 5 6 [C-D E + GA] with a small interval difference.

     * pelog has 7 tones per octave, namely: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [C + D E-F # G # AB] with a large interval difference.

Gamelan music compositions created by some rules, which consist of several rounds and pathet, bordered by one gongan and the melody was created within the unit that consists of 4 tones.

Sumber :

• wikipedia.org
• yogyes.com
• supriantoeko.ngeblogs.com
• photobucket.com
• ngeteh.files.wordpress.com
• wacananusantara.org